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PL/SQL – Date & Time

In this chapter, we will discuss the Date and Time in PL/SQL. There are two classes of date and time related data types in PL/SQL −

  • Datetime data types
  • Interval data types

The Datetime data types are −

  • DATE
  • TIMESTAMP
  • TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
  • TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE

The Interval data types are −

  • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH
  • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND

Field Values for Datetime and Interval Data Types

Both datetime and interval data types consist of fields. The values of these fields determine the value of the data type. The following table lists the fields and their possible values for datetimes and intervals.

Field NameValid Datetime ValuesValid Interval Values
YEAR-4712 to 9999 (excluding year 0)Any nonzero integer
MONTH01 to 120 to 11
DAY01 to 31 (limited by the values of MONTH and YEAR, according to the rules of the calendar for the locale)Any nonzero integer
HOUR00 to 230 to 23
MINUTE00 to 590 to 59
SECOND00 to 59.9(n), where 9(n) is the precision of time fractional seconds The 9(n) portion is not applicable for DATE.0 to 59.9(n), where 9(n) is the precision of interval fractional seconds
TIMEZONE_HOUR-12 to 14 (range accommodates daylight savings time changes) Not applicable for DATE or TIMESTAMP.Not applicable
TIMEZONE_MINUTE00 to 59 Not applicable for DATE or TIMESTAMP.Not applicable
TIMEZONE_REGIONNot applicable for DATE or TIMESTAMP.Not applicable
TIMEZONE_ABBRNot applicable for DATE or TIMESTAMP.Not applicable

The Datetime Data Types and Functions

Following are the Datetime data types −

DATE

It stores date and time information in both character and number datatypes. It is made of information on century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second. It is specified as −

TIMESTAMP

It is an extension of the DATE data type. It stores the year, month, and day of the DATE datatype, along with hour, minute, and second values. It is useful for storing precise time values.

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE

It is a variant of TIMESTAMP that includes a time zone region name or a time zone offset in its value. The time zone offset is the difference (in hours and minutes) between local time and UTC. This data type is useful for collecting and evaluating date information across geographic regions.

TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE

It is another variant of TIMESTAMP that includes a time zone offset in its value.

Following table provides the Datetime functions (where, x has the datetime value) −

S.NoFunction Name & Description
1ADD_MONTHS(x, y); Adds y months to x.
2LAST_DAY(x); Returns the last day of the month.
3MONTHS_BETWEEN(x, y); Returns the number of months between x and y.
4NEXT_DAY(x, day); Returns the datetime of the next day after x.
5NEW_TIME; Returns the time/day value from a time zone specified by the user.
6ROUND(x [, unit]); Rounds x.
7SYSDATE(); Returns the current datetime.
8TRUNC(x [, unit]); Truncates x.

Timestamp functions (where, x has a timestamp value) −

S.NoFunction Name & Description
1CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(); Returns a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE containing the current session time along with the session time zone.
2EXTRACT({ YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND } | { TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE } | { TIMEZONE_REGION | } TIMEZONE_ABBR ) FROM x) Extracts and returns a year, month, day, hour, minute, second, or time zone from x.
3FROM_TZ(x, time_zone); Converts the TIMESTAMP x and the time zone specified by time_zone to a TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE.
4LOCALTIMESTAMP(); Returns a TIMESTAMP containing the local time in the session time zone.
5SYSTIMESTAMP(); Returns a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE containing the current database time along with the database time zone.
6SYS_EXTRACT_UTC(x); Converts the TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE x to a TIMESTAMP containing the date and time in UTC.
7TO_TIMESTAMP(x, [format]); Converts the string x to a TIMESTAMP.
8TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ(x, [format]); Converts the string x to a TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE.

Examples

The following code snippets illustrate the use of the above functions −

Example 1

SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL; 

Output

08/31/2012 5:25:34 PM 

Example 2

SELECT TO_CHAR(CURRENT_DATE, 'DD-MM-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM DUAL; 

Output

31-08-2012 05:26:14

Example 3

SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE, 5) FROM DUAL;

Output

01/31/2013 5:26:31 PM 

Example 4

SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL; 

Output

8/31/2012 5:26:55.347000 PM 

The Interval Data Types and Functions

Following are the Interval data types −

  • IINTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH − It stores a period of time using the YEAR and MONTH datetime fields.
  • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND − It stores a period of time in terms of days, hours, minutes, and seconds.

Interval Functions

S.NoFunction Name & Description
1NUMTODSINTERVAL(x, interval_unit); Converts the number x to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND.
2NUMTOYMINTERVAL(x, interval_unit); Converts the number x to an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH.
3TO_DSINTERVAL(x); Converts the string x to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND.
4TO_YMINTERVAL(x); Converts the string x to an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH.

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