PL/SQL – Packages
In this chapter, we will discuss the Packages in PL/SQL. Packages are schema objects that groups logically related PL/SQL types, variables, and subprograms.
A package will have two mandatory parts −
- Package specification
- Package body or definition
Package Specification
The specification is the interface to the package. It just DECLARES the types, variables, constants, exceptions, cursors, and subprograms that can be referenced from outside the package. In other words, it contains all information about the content of the package, but excludes the code for the subprograms.
All objects placed in the specification are called public objects. Any subprogram not in the package specification but coded in the package body is called a private object.
The following code snippet shows a package specification having a single procedure. You can have many global variables defined and multiple procedures or functions inside a package.
CREATE PACKAGE cust_sal AS PROCEDURE find_sal(c_id customers.id%type); END cust_sal; /
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result −
Package created.
Package Body
The package body has the codes for various methods declared in the package specification and other private declarations, which are hidden from the code outside the package.
The CREATE PACKAGE BODY Statement is used for creating the package body. The following code snippet shows the package body declaration for the cust_sal package created above. I assumed that we already have CUSTOMERS table created in our database as mentioned in the PL/SQL – Variables chapter.
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY cust_sal AS PROCEDURE find_sal(c_id customers.id%TYPE) IS c_sal customers.salary%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO c_sal FROM customers WHERE id = c_id; dbms_output.put_line('Salary: '|| c_sal); END find_sal; END cust_sal; /
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result −
Package body created.
Using the Package Elements
The package elements (variables, procedures or functions) are accessed with the following syntax −
package_name.element_name;
Consider, we already have created the above package in our database schema, the following program uses the find_sal method of the cust_sal package −
DECLARE code customers.id%type := &cc_id; BEGIN cust_sal.find_sal(code); END; /
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it prompts to enter the customer ID and when you enter an ID, it displays the corresponding salary as follows −
Enter value for cc_id: 1 Salary: 3000 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Example
The following program provides a more complete package. We will use the CUSTOMERS table stored in our database with the following records −
Select * from customers; +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+ | ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY | +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+ | 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 3000.00 | | 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 3000.00 | | 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 3000.00 | | 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 7500.00 | | 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 9500.00 | | 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 5500.00 | +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
The Package Specification
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE c_package AS -- Adds a customer PROCEDURE addCustomer(c_id customers.id%type, c_name customerS.No.ame%type, c_age customers.age%type, c_addr customers.address%type, c_sal customers.salary%type); -- Removes a customer PROCEDURE delCustomer(c_id customers.id%TYPE); --Lists all customers PROCEDURE listCustomer; END c_package; /
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it creates the above package and displays the following result −
Package created.
Creating the Package Body
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY c_package AS PROCEDURE addCustomer(c_id customers.id%type, c_name customerS.No.ame%type, c_age customers.age%type, c_addr customers.address%type, c_sal customers.salary%type) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO customers (id,name,age,address,salary) VALUES(c_id, c_name, c_age, c_addr, c_sal); END addCustomer; PROCEDURE delCustomer(c_id customers.id%type) IS BEGIN DELETE FROM customers WHERE id = c_id; END delCustomer; PROCEDURE listCustomer IS CURSOR c_customers is SELECT name FROM customers; TYPE c_list is TABLE OF customers.Name%type; name_list c_list := c_list(); counter integer :=0; BEGIN FOR n IN c_customers LOOP counter := counter +1; name_list.extend; name_list(counter) := n.name; dbms_output.put_line('Customer(' ||counter|| ')'||name_list(counter)); END LOOP; END listCustomer; END c_package; /
The above example makes use of the nested table. We will discuss the concept of nested table in the next chapter.
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result −
Package body created.
Using The Package
The following program uses the methods declared and defined in the package c_package.
DECLARE code customers.id%type:= 8; BEGIN c_package.addcustomer(7, 'Rajnish', 25, 'Chennai', 3500); c_package.addcustomer(8, 'Subham', 32, 'Delhi', 7500); c_package.listcustomer; c_package.delcustomer(code); c_package.listcustomer; END; /
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result −
Customer(1): Ramesh Customer(2): Khilan Customer(3): kaushik Customer(4): Chaitali Customer(5): Hardik Customer(6): Komal Customer(7): Rajnish Customer(8): Subham Customer(1): Ramesh Customer(2): Khilan Customer(3): kaushik Customer(4): Chaitali Customer(5): Hardik Customer(6): Komal Customer(7): Rajnish PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
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