Input/output with files
C++ provides the following classes to perform output and input of characters to/from files: ofstream:…
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C++ provides the following classes to perform output and input of characters to/from files: ofstream:…
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Preprocessor directives are lines included in the code of programs preceded by a hash sign…
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Exceptions provide a way to react to exceptional circumstances (like runtime errors) in programs by…
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Implicit conversion Implicit conversions are automatically performed when a value is copied to a compatible…
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Before getting any deeper into this chapter, you should have a proper understanding of pointers…
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Friend functions In principle, private and protected members of a class cannot be accessed from…
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Special member functions are member functions that are implicitly defined as member of classes under…
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Overloading operators Classes, essentially, define new types to be used in C++ code. And types…
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Classes are an expanded concept of data structures: like data structures, they can contain data…
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Type aliases (typedef / using) A type alias is a different name by which a…
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Data structures A data structure is a group of data elements grouped together under one…
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In the programs seen in previous chapters, all memory needs were determined before program execution…
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In earlier chapters, variables have been explained as locations in the computer’s memory which can…
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The string class has been briefly introduced in an earlier section. It is a very…
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An array is a series of elements of the same type placed in contiguous memory…
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Scopes Named entities, such as variables, functions, and compound types need to be declared before…
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In C++, two different functions can have the same name if their parameters are different;…
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Functions allow to structure programs in segments of code to perform individual tasks. In C++,…
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A simple C++ statement is each of the individual instructions of a program, like the…
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The example programs of the previous sections provided little interaction with the user, if any…
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Once introduced to variables and constants, we can begin to operate with them by using…
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Constants are expressions with a fixed value. Literals Literals are the most obvious kind of…
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A computer receives information from different applications in various forms. Sometimes a person types it…
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Console Applications The C# language is used to create applications that display on a black…
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The usefulness of the “Hello World” programs shown in the previous chapter is rather questionable….
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C++ uses notations that may appear strange to nonprogrammers. We now consider a simple program…
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